Although this disorder is common in childhood, hydrocephalus can occur at any age and results in. Hi t i l thistorical account hippocrates described fluid in brain galen described ventricles vesalius showed the anatomyvesalius showed the anatomy megendimegendi performed first performed first cisternalcisternal puncture in animalspuncture in animals quinke performed first lp dandy was credited first ventricular puncture quekenstedquekensted did first did first cisternalcisternal puncture in. The two major categories of stroke are ischaemic lack of blood and hence oxygen to an area of the brain and haemorrhagic bleeding from a burst or leaking blood vessel in the brain stroke. In these cases, there may be actual shrinkage atrophy or wasting of brain tissue. We provide an overview of the current concepts in pathophysiology and discuss the clinical features. Expansion of the skull and thinning axonal and myelin and atrophy destruction contraction of the cerebral blood enlarged head. Approaches to learning and teaching with children who have hydrocephalus uk. It is our belief that families and individuals dealing with the complex issue of hydrocephalus diagnosed in. In 1914, professor walter dandy began a multidecade study on the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus with observations on the clinical aspects and pathology of hydrocephalus.
Spina bifida is a treatable spinal cord malformation that occurs in varying degrees of severity. This type may also be subclassified into congenital and. Cerebrospinal fluid normally flows through the ventricles and bathes the brain and spinal column. Original research the pathophysiology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in the cavities ventricles deep within the brain. Congenital hydrocephalus occurs in roughly two or three out of every 1,000 live births. Pdf pathophysiology of congenital and neonatal hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus updates free download as powerpoint presentation. Less common etiologies for aseptic meningitis include tuberculous meningitis mycobacterium tuberculosis, lyme disease borrelia spp. Neuroimaging of normal pressure hydrocephalus aan 2012 norman relkin md, phd weill cornell medical college new york, ny. Hydrocephalus diagnosed in young and middleaged adults.
Hydrocephalus knowledge for medical students and physicians. Although our understanding of the condition has considerably improved since it was initially described over 50 years ago, its pathophysiology is still a matter of debate. Limited data exists indicating there is an alteration in pulse wave propagation within the craniospinal cavity in ms, similar to the findings in normal pressure hydrocephalus nph. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Hydrocephalus fluid on the brain can cause some complications, or complications may develop as a result of the surgery used to treat it. Most children with hydrocephalus who survive for 1 year will have a fairly normal lifespan. Pathophysiology hydrocephalus free download as word doc. Hydrocephalus is the most common cause of abnormally large heads in neonates. Find all the books, read about the author, and more.
Background hydrocephalus is a central nervous system cns disorder characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid csf in cerebral ventricles, resulting in their dilatation. Discuss the teaching priorities for jerods parents prior to his discharge from the hospital to home. It has been suggested there is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder, underlying the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis ms, which is distinct from the more obvious immunemediated attack on the white matter. A stroke occurs when the blood flow to an area of the brain is interrupted, resulting in some degree of permanent neurological damage. The nursing goals for a client with hydrocephalus may include improving cerebral tissue perfusion, reducing anxiety, preventing injury, and the absence of complications. The pathophysiology of congenital and neonatal hydrocephalus is not well understood although the prognosis for patients with this disorder is far from optimal. Traditionally, ventriculoperitoneal shunts have been used to manage hydrocephalus in. Anatomy and physiology of hydrocephalus cerebrospinal. Hydrocephalus a useful radiologic finding in the diagnosis of inph image from hashimoto m, et al 201 0 cerebrospinal fluid research 7. Its literal translation being water in the head comes from the words.
Hydrocephalus ex vacuo is the enlargement of the ventricles and subarachnoid space due to loss of brain tissue e. A comparison between the pathophysiology of multiple. Intermittant rise of csf pressure causing ventricular dilatation. Hydrocephalus in children kristopher t kahle, abhaya v kulkarni, david d limbrick jr, benjamin c warf hydrocephalus is a common disorder of cerebral spinal. Discuss the complications that may occur in a child with a ventriculoperitoneal vp shunt and an atrioventricular av shunt. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Pathophysiology of congenital and neonatal hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is a central nervous system disorder characterized by excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid csf in the ventricles of the brain. Pathophysiology of hydrocephalus nanda nursing diagnosis.
Hydrocephalus that develops only after the fontanelles have closed does not increase head circumference or cause the fontanelle to bulge but can markedly and rapidly increase intracranial pressure. Pathophysiology of hydrocephalus free download as word doc. Aan 2012 neuroimaging of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Congenital hydrocephalus free download as powerpoint presentation. Hydrocephalus that is not due to an infection has the best outlook. A contemporary definition and classification of hydrocephalus. Sometimes the occurrence of fever may also be due to non infectious factors like injury, heat stroke or dehydration. Hydrocephalus pediatrics merck manuals professional. Here are five 5 nursing care plans ncp for hydrocephalus. A shunt is a delicate piece of equipment thats prone to malfunction, usually through blockage or infection. Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. Improvement of the current state of diagnosis and treatment of hydrocephalus involves a better understanding of the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus. The diagnosis of nph can be established only with the help of continuous intraventricular pressure recordings over 24 hours or even longer.
Hydrocephalus exvacuo occurs when there is damage to the brain caused by stroke or traumatic injury. Therefore for children with hydrocephalus and who may need additional help with their learning, staff will be involved in interpreting the curriculum in ways which address these. The evidence gary s gronseth, md, faan professor and executive vice chair neurology university of kansas medical center. Normal pressure hydrocephalus nph is a particular form of communicating hydrocephalus, characterized by enlarged cerebral ventricles, with only intermittently elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Hyperthermia or commonly known as fever is present when the body temperature is higher than 37. Hydrocephalus cerebrospinal fluid neurology scribd. 4 information about cortical mantle, periventricular ooze and etiology. Hydrocephalus develops in up to 8090% of children with myelomeningocele mm after closure of the defect. Csf physiology and pathophysiology of hydrocephalus.
Hydrocephalus free download as powerpoint presentation. If no organism can be isolated with routine culture and sensitivity assays of cerebrospinal fluid csf, the condition is called aseptic meningitis, and the etiology is likely viral e. The most common cause of acquired hydrocephalus is the development of a lesion in the brain, which may result from a tumour, stroke, or complications of head injuries. Cognitive and physical handicap can occur as a result of hydrocephalus.
The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain. Pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis intechopen. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis als is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by death of pyramidal neurons in the motor cortex upper motor neurons and motor neurons in the brain stem and central spinal cord lower motor neurons. Hydrocephalus is a disorder in which an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid csf accumulates within the cerebral ventricles andor subarachnoid spaces, resulting in ventricular dilation and increased intracranial pressure icp. Subgaleal, subdural, subarachnoid, and intraventricular hemorrhage have varying pathophysiology, but each can have serious longterm consequences. Hydrocephalus etiology definition of hydrocephalus. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 251k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Normal pressure hydrocephalus can occur in people of any age, but it is most common in the elderly population. Many theories of normal pressure hydrocephalus nph stress the importance of ischemia in the deep white matter. This is a basic article for medical students and other nonradiologists. Symptoms of such a blockage include headache and vomiting.
Classified as a defect of the neural tube ie, the embryonic structure that develops into the spinal cord and brain, it was recognized as long as 4000 years ago. If theres an interruption or overproduction of csf. Congenital hydrocephalus also can be caused by prenatal toxoplasmosis infection. Anatomy and physiology of hydrocephalus free download as word doc. What youre looking for a pathophysiology of hydrocephalus. It occurs when the body is invaded by some bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
Hydrocephalus definition hydrocephalus is an abnormal expansion of cavities ventricles within the brain that is caused by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Approaches to learning and teaching with hydrocephalus. Congenital hydrocephalus is present in 3 of live births 97. Hydrocephalus describes the situation where the intracranial ventricular system is enlarged because of increased pressure. Pathophysiology of hydrocephalus hydrocephalus is a condition wherein there is an interruption to the normal flow, absorption, and production of the brains csf cerebrospinal fluid, which is the medium that carries all the nutrients needed by the brain to remain healthy and fullyfunctional. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is characterised by the triad of gait disturbance, dementia and urinary incontinence. Its estimated that up to 4 out of 10 shunts will malfunction in the first year. It is not considered a true hydrocephalus since ventricular enlargement does not result from csf accumulation and, accordingly. The disorder can present at any age as a result of a wide variety of different diseases. Imbalance between production and absorption of csf leading to accumulation of fluid in the ventricular. Aside from the congenital etiology, hydrocephalus can result from a series of neurological conditions such as head trauma, intracranial hemorrhage, tumor, or infection of the central nervous system at any time during life. Hydrocephalus ppt ssmc rewa free download as powerpoint presentation.
If this is the case, the location of obstruction can be determined by the pattern of hydrocephalus. A major obstacle to advancing our knowledge of the causes of this disorder and the cellular responses that accompany it is the multifactorial nature of hydrocephalus. Infants commonly present with progressive macrocephaly whereas children older than 2 years. Review article hydrocephalus in children raza rizvi1, qudsia anjum2. People with hydrocephalus caused by tumors will often do very poorly.
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